Traditional methods of cross section survey of a river such as theodolite intersection, theodolite stadia, electronic distance measurement, depth-surveying bar, leadline, handlead survey and echo sounder are the main methods used for water bathymetry. Cross-section survey of water bodies is a key part in hydrographic engineering survey. The survey of rivers and lakes as well as the protection and exploitation of these resources plays an important role in Chinese economy. Expect and accuracy of +/-15% when using the cross-section method.China has a vast expanse of land with intertwining rivers and mountains, abounds in lakes and reservoirs.
Plan to spend 10 hours or more for each sheet in your cut and fill take off. The total cost for the site grading will be based on the total cut and fill volumes, and the total amount of either import or export from the site. If there is more fill than cut, then this is the import site and so fill dirt in Waldport, OR will need to be purchased and trucked onto the site. If there is more cut than fill, then this is an export site and soil will need to be trucked away and disposed of. Sum up all of the fill volumes for the plan and note it on the drawing.Ĭalculate the import or export for the site by subtracting the total fill volume from the total cut volume. Sum up all of the cut volumes for the plan and note it on the drawing. This is the fill volume between that pair of sections. Then multiply the average fill area by the distance between the two adjacent sections. This is the cut volume between that pair of sections.įor each pair of adjacent sections, add the two fill areas together and average them by dividing the total by two. Then multiply the average cut area by the distance between the two adjacent sections. This is the total fill area for this section.įor each pair of adjacent sections, add the two cut areas together and average them by dividing that total by two. Then multiply the number of fill squares by the actual area of each grid square. This is the total cut area for this section.įor each section, calculate the number of squares where the existing is below the proposed surface. Then multiply the number of cut squares by the actual area of each grid square.
Draw a vertical axis for the proposed and existing elevations using the lowest and highest elevation on the plan.įor each section, plot the existing elevations versus the distance from the left edge of the plan.įor each section, plot the proposed elevations versus the distance from the left edge of the plan.įor each section, calculate the number of squares where the existing is above the proposed surface. Draw a horizontal axis for the distance along the section from the left edge of the plan. Prepare a piece of graph paper for each horizontal section line. Drawings a low complexity should have their sections drawn between 1 and 2 inches apart. Drawings of moderate complexity should have their sections drawn 1 inch apart. Drawing of high complexity should have their sections drawn one half-inch apart. The spacing of the sections depends upon the complexity of the drawing.
#Hypack beach volume cross sections series
Using a T-square, draw a series of equally spaced horizontal sections (ie cross-section) from East to West across the entire drawing. Here the steps required to calculate cut and fill using the cross-section method: He then sums all of the cut volumes in all of the fill volumes to determine the total cut and fill volumes for the site.
Then for each pair of adjacent cross-sections he averages the cut areas and fill areas and multiplies them by the spacing of the cross-sections to determine the cut and fill volumes between the adjacent cross-sections. For each of the cross-sections, he then determines the cut areas and fill areas. He then plots both the existing and proposed elevations on graph paper for each of the horizontal cross-section lines. In the cross-section method, the estimator divides the site using a series of equally spaced horizontal cross-section lines that span the entire drawing from east to east. Accurately calculating the amount of work or cut and fill required to grade a site is necessary to prepare an accurate bid. Grading a building site requires a lot of time, equipment, staff and money. Areas where the elevations are too low are "filled" or raised to the proposed elevations. In grading a building site, areas where the elevations are too high are "cut" or lowered down to the proposed elevations. In this article, we'll see how an estimator would use the cross-section method to calculate cut and fill for a construction site.īefore any construction can begin on a building site, it must be graded.
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